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Lung Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the lungs, interfering with their primary function of oxygen exchange. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, lung cancer remains a major public health concern, especially when detected at advanced stages. Early detection and lifestyle modification can significantly improve survival rates.

What Is Lung Cancer?

Lung cancer begins in the cells lining the airways or lung tissue. It is broadly classified into two main types based on microscopic appearance: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases and generally grows more slowly than SCLC.

Causes and Risk Factors

  • Smoking tobacco (primary risk factor)
  • Secondhand smoke exposure
  • Exposure to radon gas
  • Occupational exposure to asbestos and chemicals
  • Air pollution
  • Family history of lung cancer

Signs and Symptoms of Lung Cancer

Early lung cancer may be asymptomatic. As the disease progresses, common symptoms include:

  • Persistent cough that worsens over time
  • Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest pain
  • Unexplained weight loss and fatigue

Diagnosis and Imaging

Accurate diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical assessment and imaging studies. Common diagnostic tools include:

  • Chest X-ray
  • CT scan of the chest
  • PET-CT for staging
  • Bronchoscopy and biopsy
  • Molecular testing for targeted therapy

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on cancer type, stage, and patient health. Modern treatment approaches include:

  • Surgery: For early-stage tumors
  • Radiation therapy: External beam and stereotactic radiotherapy
  • Chemotherapy: Often combined with radiation
  • Immunotherapy: Enhances the body's immune response
  • Targeted therapy: For specific genetic mutations

Prevention and Risk Reduction

Lung cancer risk can be significantly reduced by:

  • Quitting smoking and avoiding tobacco use
  • Reducing exposure to secondhand smoke
  • Testing homes for radon
  • Using protective equipment in high-risk workplaces
  • Regular screening for high-risk individuals

Conclusion

Lung cancer remains a serious global health challenge, but advances in imaging, radiotherapy, and systemic treatments have improved patient outcomes. Early diagnosis, prevention strategies, and access to modern treatment are key to reducing lung cancer mortality. Individuals at risk should seek medical evaluation and screening when appropriate.

Disclaimer: This article is for educational purposes only and does not substitute professional medical advice.

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