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Cervical Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable yet life-threatening cancers affecting women worldwide. It develops in the cervix — the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina — and is most commonly caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Early detection through screening and vaccination has significantly reduced mortality, yet many cases are still diagnosed late, especially in low-resource settings.

What Is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the cervix grow uncontrollably and invade surrounding tissues. In most cases, the disease progresses slowly over several years, beginning as precancerous lesions known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Routine screening allows these changes to be detected and treated before cancer develops.

Causes and Risk Factors

  • Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types (HPV-16 and HPV-18)
  • Early onset of sexual activity
  • Multiple sexual partners
  • Smoking
  • Weakened immune system (HIV/AIDS)
  • Lack of regular cervical screening

Common Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Early-stage cervical cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. As the disease progresses, women may experience:

  • Abnormal vaginal bleeding (after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause)
  • Pelvic pain
  • Pain during sexual intercourse
  • Unusual vaginal discharge with a foul odor

Diagnosis and Screening

Early detection is key to successful treatment. Common diagnostic methods include:

  • Pap smear: Detects abnormal cervical cells
  • HPV testing: Identifies high-risk HPV strains
  • Colposcopy: Magnified examination of the cervix
  • Biopsy: Confirms cancer diagnosis

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the stage of the disease, patient age, and overall health.

  • Surgery: For early-stage cervical cancer
  • Radiation therapy: External beam and brachytherapy
  • Chemotherapy: Often combined with radiation
  • Targeted therapy: For advanced cases

Prevention and HPV Vaccination

Cervical cancer is largely preventable through:

  • HPV vaccination (recommended for girls and boys)
  • Regular Pap smear and HPV screening
  • Safe sexual practices
  • Smoking cessation

Conclusion

Cervical cancer remains a significant global health challenge, but it is also one of the most preventable and treatable cancers when detected early. Awareness, vaccination, and routine screening can save lives. Women are encouraged to consult healthcare professionals for regular screening and timely intervention.

Disclaimer: This article is for educational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice.

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